tax planning

What to Know When it Comes to Filing Extensions

What to Know When it Comes to Filing Extensions 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Many taxpayers file extension requests that typically extend the deadline for filing their income tax returns by six months, from April 15th to October 15th for personal income taxes. One does not need to have a reason to file extension requests. The extension request pertains to the filing of the tax return as opposed to the payment of any tax owed. Failure to make sufficient payments by the original due date including a payment with the extension request can lead to the imposition of penalties.

For Federal purposes, in order to have a valid extension that avoids any penalties, total payments must equal at least 90% of the actual tax liability. This can be challenging especially for owners of pass-through entities where accurate K-1 income information is unavailable as of April 15th. For those taxpayers who are required to make quarterly estimated tax payments, a first quarter estimated payment for the year in progress is often tacked on to the extension payment to provide a cushion. Any resulting overpayment typically ends up being applied to the subsequent year.

State extension requirements vary by state. New Jersey only requires that 80% of the actual tax liability be paid to avoid incurring penalties. And only if a payment is being made is a NJ extension request required to be filed. New York follows the Federal threshold and requires the filing of an extension request even where no payment is being made. The same rules apply whether one is a state resident or nonresident filer.
If a taxpayer files their personal income tax returns prior to the April 15th due date, their tax returns are deemed filed on April 15 from which point the three year statute of limitations for either filing an amended tax return or for being audited begins. On the other hand, the actual filing date begins the three year statute of limitations for taxpayers on extension.

Filing an extension request generally allows for a delay in making retirement plan contributions until the extended due date. The one exception to this rule pertains to IRA contributions, which must be made by the original due date. Contact your Smolin representative with any questions you may have.

 

Clean Energy Investments Could Still Pay off at tax time

Clean Energy Investments Could Still Pay off at tax time 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Last year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) terminated several clean energy tax incentives earlier than previously scheduled. You may qualify for a 2025 tax credit if you bought an electric vehicle or made eligible green home improvements last year. Remember, tax credits reduce your tax liability dollar-for-dollar (unlike deductions, which reduce the amount of income subject to tax). So tax credits are especially valuable.

Did you buy an electric vehicle?

If you bought an eligible clean vehicle by September 30, 2025, you may be able to claim one of these tax credits on your 2025 return:

New clean vehicle credit. Buyers of new electric and fuel cell vehicles may be able to claim a credit up to $7,500, depending on how the battery components and critical minerals were sourced. Vehicles that meet only one of the sourcing criteria may be eligible for a $3,750 credit. This credit was originally set to expire after 2032. But, under the OBBBA, it expired on September 30, 2025.

The maximum manufacturer’s suggested retail price for a vehicle to be eligible for the credit is $55,000 for cars and $80,000 for SUVs, trucks and vans. The vehicle also must have undergone final assembly in North America. In addition, the credit isn’t allowed for vehicles with any battery components from a “foreign entity of concern.” For you to qualify, your 2025 adjusted gross income (AGI) must not exceed $150,000 ($300,000 if you’re married filing jointly and $225,000 if you’re filing as a head of household).

Used clean vehicle credit. Buyers of used electric or fuel cell vehicles may be able to claim a credit of up to $4,000 or 30% of the purchase price — whichever is lower — if they bought the vehicle from a dealer. Like the new clean vehicle credit, this credit had been set to expire after 2032 but, under the OBBBA, it expired on September 30, 2025.

The maximum purchase price for a vehicle to be eligible for the credit is $25,000. For you to qualify, your 2025 AGI must not exceed $75,000 ($150,000 if you’re a joint filer and $112,500 if you’re a head-of-household filer).

Did you make green home improvements?

If you made certain home upgrades in 2025, you may be eligible for one of these tax credits on your 2025 return:

Energy-efficient home improvement credit. This nonrefundable credit equals up to 30% of qualified expenses to make your home more energy efficient. The maximum credit you can claim for 2025 generally is $1,200. There are no AGI-based limits, but there are credit caps that vary by item. Some examples of 2025 credit limits are $150 for energy audits, $250 per exterior door ($500 total), $600 for windows and $2,000 for heat pumps (superseding the usual $1,200 limit). Before the OBBBA, the law set the credit to expire after 2032.


Residential clean energy credit. This nonrefundable credit equals 30% of the cost of eligible renewable energy systems such as solar, wind and geothermal installations. There generally are no caps or AGI-based limits. Before the OBBBA, the law set the credit to expire after 2034.

Are you eligible for a tax credit?

One more clean energy credit you might be able to claim on your 2025 return is the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit. You may be eligible if last year you installed equipment at your home to recharge electric vehicles. The credit equals 30% of the installation cost, up to $1,000 per charging port.

Even if you didn’t install a charging port in 2025, you still have time. Install one by June 30, 2026, and you may be able to claim the credit on your 2026 return next year.

Not sure if you qualify for clean vehicle or green home improvement credits? Contact your Smolin representative.

 

April 15 Isn’t Just Tax Day: Key Deadlines You Need to Know

April 15 Isn’t Just Tax Day: Key Deadlines You Need to Know 266 266 Noelle Merwin

You know your 2025 federal income tax return is due April 15, 2026. But do you know what else has an April 15 deadline? If you don’t, you could miss out on valuable tax-saving opportunities or become subject to interest and even penalties.

Making 2025 contributions to an IRA

It may be 2026, but you can still make a 2025 contribution to a traditional or Roth IRA until April 15. For 2025, eligible taxpayers can contribute up to $7,000 ($8,000 if they’re age 50 or older). The limit applies to traditional and Roth IRAs on a combined basis.

If you contribute to a traditional IRA, you may be able to deduct the amount on your 2025 income tax return. But if you (or your spouse, if applicable) participate in a work-based retirement plan such as a 401(k) and your income exceeds certain limits, your deduction will be subject to a phaseout.

Roth contributions aren’t tax-deductible, but qualified distributions will be tax-free. Roth contributions are subject to an income-based phaseout, whether or not you (or your spouse) participate in a 401(k) or similar plan. If your Roth IRA contribution is partially or fully phased out, you can make nondeductible traditional IRA contributions instead, assuming you’re otherwise eligible.

Be aware that the 2025 IRA contribution deadline is April 15 regardless of whether you file for an income tax return extension.

Making 2025 contributions to a SEP

If you own a business or are self-employed, you still can reduce your 2025 tax liability by making deductible contributions to a Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) plan by April 15. If you don’t already have a SEP in place, you can contribute for 2025 as long as you set up the plan by the contribution deadline. The 2025 contribution limit is 25% of your eligible compensation up to $70,000 (though special rules apply if you’re self-employed).

Keep in mind that, if you have employees who work enough hours and meet other qualification requirements, generally they must be allowed to participate in the plan. And you’ll have to make contributions on their behalf at the same percentage you contribute for yourself.

If you file to extend your 2025 return, you have until the extended October 15 deadline to set up your plan and make deductible 2025 contributions.

Filing for an automatic six-month extension

If you’re unable to file your individual return by April 15, you generally must file for an extension (Form 4868) by April 15 to avoid failure-to-file penalties. But this isn’t an extension of the tax payment deadline. If you expect to owe taxes, you should project and pay the amount due by April 15 to minimize interest and late payment penalties.

If you live outside the United States and Puerto Rico or serve in the military outside these two locations, you’re allowed an automatic two-month extension without filing for one. But you still must pay any tax due by April 15.

Paying the first installment of 2026 estimated taxes

If you make estimated tax payments, the first 2026 payment is due April 15. You can be subject to penalties if you don’t pay enough tax during the year through estimated tax payments and withholding. Generally, you’ll need to make estimated tax payments if you have taxable income without withholding, such as self-employment income, interest, dividends or capital gains from asset sales, and will likely owe $1,000 or more when you file your 2026 tax return next year.

For you to avoid penalties, your estimated payments and withholding must equal at least 90% of your tax liability for 2026 or 110% of your tax for 2025 (100% if your adjusted gross income for 2025 was $150,000 or less or, if married filing separately, $75,000 or less). Paying the appropriate amount of estimated taxes on time can help you avoid or reduce interest and penalties.

Filing a 2025 income tax return for a trust or estate

If you’re the trustee of a trust or the executor of an estate that follows a calendar tax year, you may be required to file an income tax return (Form 1041) for the trust or estate — and pay any tax due — by April 15. Filing is required when a trust or estate has gross income of $600 or more during the tax year or if any beneficiary is a nonresident alien.

For the year of death, a Form 1041 must also be filed for the deceased to report any income, as well as deductions and credits, up until the date of death. If the deceased’s assets immediately passed to the heirs, a Form 1041 generally won’t be required because the estate won’t have any post-death income.

If you’re not ready to file Form 1041 by April 15, you can file an automatic five-and-a-half-month extension (Form 7004) to September 30, 2026 (or a six-month extension to October 15, 2025, if it’s a bankruptcy estate). But any tax due still needs to be paid by April 15.

Meet your deadlines

As you can see, depending on your situation, you may have more to do by April 15 than just file your Form 1040. And this isn’t a complete list. For example, April 15 is also the deadline for individuals to file a federal gift tax return and a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR). Contact your Smolin representative, to identify which April 15 deadlines apply to you and get help meeting them so you stay compliant, reduce risk, and potentially save on taxes.

Paying Interest? Here Are 4 Types You May Be Able to Deduct

Paying Interest? Here Are 4 Types You May Be Able to Deduct 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Personal interest expense generally can’t be deducted for federal tax purposes. There are, however, exceptions. Here are four, one of which is a new break under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), which was signed into law in 2025.

1. Mortgage interest

Perhaps the most well-known interest expense deduction, home mortgage interest may be deductible if you itemize deductions rather than claiming the standard deduction. You generally can deduct interest on mortgage debt incurred to purchase, build or improve your principal residence and a second residence. Points paid related to your principal residence also may be deductible.

The OBBBA made permanent the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’s (TCJA’s) reduction of the mortgage debt limit from $1 million to $750,000 for debt incurred after December 15, 2017, with some limited exceptions. But the OBBBA also generally made mortgage insurance premiums deductible as mortgage interest — though not until the 2026 tax year. So you can’t deduct these premiums on your 2025 return.

2. Auto loan interest

The OBBBA allows eligible individuals — whether or not they itemize — to deduct some or all of the interest paid on a loan taken out after 2024 to purchase a qualifying new car, minivan, van, SUV, pickup truck or motorcycle with a gross vehicle weight rating under 14,000 pounds. For 2025 through 2028, you can potentially deduct up to $10,000 each year. But various requirements and limits apply.

One of the most significant requirements is that the vehicle’s “final assembly” must occur in the United States. An important limit to be aware of is that the deduction is phased out starting at $100,000 of modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) or $200,000 for married couples filing jointly. The deduction is completely phased out when MAGI reaches $150,000 ($250,000 for joint filers).

3. Student loan interest

If you have student loan debt, you may be able to deduct the interest, subject to various rules and limits. You don’t have to itemize to claim the deduction, and the maximum deduction is $2,500. The interest must be for a “qualified education loan,” which means a debt incurred to pay tuition, room and board, and related expenses to attend a post-high-school educational institution, including certain vocational schools. Post-graduate programs may also qualify.

For 2025, the deduction begins to phase out for single taxpayers when MAGI exceeds $85,000 ($175,000 for joint filers). The deduction is unavailable for single taxpayers with MAGI of more than $100,000 ($205,000 for joint filers). Married taxpayers must file jointly to claim this deduction. Taxpayers who can be claimed as a dependent on another tax return aren’t eligible.

4. Investment interest

Investment interest — interest on debt used to buy assets held for investment, such as margin debt used to buy securities — may be deductible. But you can’t deduct interest you incurred to produce tax-exempt income. For example, if you borrow money to invest in municipal bonds, which are exempt from federal income tax, you can’t deduct the interest.

Perhaps more significant, your investment interest deduction is limited to your net investment income, which, for the purposes of this deduction, generally includes taxable interest, nonqualified dividends and net short-term capital gains, reduced by other investment expenses. In other words, qualified dividends and long-term capital gains aren’t included (unless you elect to treat them as nonqualified dividends or short-term capital gains subject to the higher tax rates that apply to those types of income). Any disallowed interest is carried forward. You can then deduct the disallowed interest in a later year if you have excess net investment income.

What interest can you deduct?

If you’re wondering whether you can claim any interest expense deductions on your 2025 return, please contact us. We can calculate your potential deductions and help you determine if there are steps you can take this year to maximize your deductions when you file your 2026 return next year.

To learn more, contact your Smolin representative.

 

Letter of Instruction: The Missing Piece in Your Estate Plan

Letter of Instruction: The Missing Piece in Your Estate Plan 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Including a letter of instruction in your estate plan is a simple yet powerful way to communicate your personal wishes to your family and executor outside of formal legal documents. While not legally binding, the letter can serve as a road map to help those managing your estate carry out your wishes with fewer questions or disputes.

Contents of your letter

What your letter addresses largely depends on your personal circumstances. However, an effective letter of instruction must cover the following:

Documents and assets. State the location of your will and other important estate planning documents, such as powers of attorney, trusts, living wills and health care directives. Also, provide the location of critical documents such as your birth certificate, marriage license, divorce documents and military paperwork.

Next, create an inventory — a spreadsheet may be ideal for this purpose — of all your assets, their locations, account numbers and relevant contacts. These may include, but aren’t necessarily limited to:

  • Checking and savings accounts,
  • Retirement plans and IRAs,
  • Health and accident insurance plans,
  • Business insurance,
  • Life and disability income insurance, and
  • Stocks, bonds, mutual funds and other investment accounts.

Don’t forget about liabilities. Provide information on mortgages, debts and other loans your family should know about.

Digital assets. At this point, most or all of your financial accounts may be available through digital means, including bank accounts, securities and retirement plans. It’s critical for your letter of instruction to inform your loved ones on how to access your digital accounts. Accordingly, the letter should compile usernames and passwords for digital financial accounts as well as social media accounts, key websites and links of significance.

Funeral and burial arrangements. Usually, a letter of instruction will also include particulars about funeral and burial arrangements. If you’ve already made funeral and burial plans, spell out the details in your letter.

This can be helpful to grieving family members. You may want to mention particulars like the person (or people) you’d like to give your eulogy, the setting and even musical selections. If you prefer cremation to burial, make that abundantly clear.

Provide a list of people you want to be contacted when you pass away and their relevant information. Typically, this will include the names, phone numbers, addresses and emails of the professionals handling your finances, such as an attorney, CPA, financial planner, life insurance agent and stockbroker. Finally, write down your wishes for any special charitable donations to be made in your memory.

To learn more, contact your Smolin representative.

 

Protect Your Estate and Your Family with Co‑Executors

Protect Your Estate and Your Family with Co‑Executors 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Choosing an executor is one of the most important decisions in the estate planning process. This person (or institution) will be responsible for carrying out your wishes, managing assets, paying debts and taxes, distributing property to beneficiaries and more.

Your first instinct may be to name your spouse, adult child or other close family member as executor. While that decision may feel natural, it’s not always the best choice. Co-appointing a professional advisor alongside a trusted family member can provide a more effective and balanced solution.

An executor’s duties

Your executor has a variety of important duties, including:

  • Arranging for probate of your will and obtaining court approval to administer your estate (if necessary),
  • Taking inventory of — and collecting, recovering or maintaining — your assets, including life insurance proceeds and retirement plan benefits,
  • Obtaining valuations of your assets where required,
  • Preparing a schedule of assets and liabilities,
  • Arranging for the safekeeping of personal property,
  • Contacting your beneficiaries to advise them of their entitlements under your will,
  • Paying any debts incurred by you or your estate and handling creditors’ claims,
  • Defending your will in the event of litigation,
  • Filing tax returns on behalf of your estate, and
  • Distributing your assets among your beneficiaries according to the terms of your will.

For someone without financial, legal or tax expertise, these responsibilities can feel overwhelming — especially while grieving. Even highly capable family members may lack the time or experience needed to administer an estate efficiently.

Mistakes can result in delays, disputes or even personal liability. Executors are legally responsible for acting in the best interests of the estate and its beneficiaries. If errors occur — such as missed tax deadlines or improper distributions — the executor may be held accountable.

Emotional dynamics can complicate matters

When a family member serves as sole executor, emotional tensions can arise. Sibling rivalries, blended family dynamics or disagreements about asset values can quickly escalate.

Even when everyone has good intentions, beneficiaries may question decisions about timing, asset sales or expense payments. The executor may feel caught between honoring the deceased’s wishes and preserving family harmony. Needless to say, these situations can strain relationships, sometimes permanently.

Two can be better than one

A practical alternative is to name both a trusted family member and a professional advisor, such as a CPA, estate planning attorney or corporate fiduciary, as co-executors. This structure can offer several key benefits, such as:

Technical expertise. A professional advisor can bring knowledge of tax law, probate procedures, accounting requirements and regulatory compliance. This reduces the risk of costly mistakes and helps ensure deadlines are met.

Objectivity. A neutral third party can help mediate disagreements and make decisions based on fiduciary standards rather than emotions. This can protect family relationships and minimize conflict.

Shared responsibility. Administering an estate can be time consuming. Dividing responsibilities allows the family member to focus on personal matters while the professional handles technical and administrative tasks.

Continuity and stability. If a family member becomes overwhelmed, ill or otherwise unavailable, a professional co-executor can provide continuity. Estates often take months — or even years — to settle.

A balanced approach

Co-appointing a professional doesn’t mean excluding family involvement. In fact, it often enhances it. The family member remains involved in decision-making and ensures that your personal wishes and family values are honored. Meanwhile, the professional ensures that legal and financial matters are handled efficiently and correctly.

For larger or more complex estates — such as those involving business ownership, multiple properties or significant investments — this collaborative model can be especially valuable. Contact a Smolin representative if you have questions about having co-executors or choosing them.

 

Tax News: Form 1040 refunds

Tax News: Form 1040 refunds 266 266 Noelle Merwin

IRS Refund Delays: What You Need to Know

Missing direct deposit information could delay your tax refund by six weeks or more.

The IRS has begun issuing CP53E notices to taxpayers who requested refunds but did not include bank account information for direct deposit on their 2025 Form 1040.

When bank information is missing from Form 1040, the IRS must issue a paper check instead of a direct deposit, resulting in significant refund delays and unnecessary follow‑up.

How to Avoid Delays

If you are expecting a refund, be sure your bank account information is included when your tax return is prepared. Direct deposit is the fastest way to receive your refund. Additionally, always review your Form 1040 carefully to ensure accuracy.

To learn more about CP53E notices and how to avoid refund delays, visit Understanding your CP53E notice.

If you have questions or need assistance, please contact your Smolin representative.

A Tax Decision Every Married Couple Should Revisit for 2025

A Tax Decision Every Married Couple Should Revisit for 2025 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Married couples have a choice when filing their 2025 federal income tax returns. They can file jointly or separately. What you choose will affect your standard deduction, eligibility for certain tax breaks, tax bracket and, ultimately, your tax liability. Which filing status is better for you depends on your specific situation.

Minimizing tax

In general, you should choose the filing status that results in the lowest tax. Typically, filing jointly will save tax compared to filing separately. This is especially true when the spouses have different income levels. Combining two incomes can bring some of the higher-earning spouse’s income into a lower tax bracket.

Also, some tax breaks aren’t available to separate filers. The child and dependent care credit, adoption expense credit, American Opportunity credit and Lifetime Learning credit are available to married couples only on joint returns. And some of the new tax deductions under 2025’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) aren’t available to separate filers. These include the qualified tips deduction, the qualified overtime deduction and the senior deduction.

You also may not be able to deduct IRA contributions if you or your spouse were covered by an employer-sponsored retirement plan such as a 401(k) and you file separate returns. And you can’t exclude adoption assistance payments or interest income from Series EE or Series I savings bonds used for higher education expenses if you file separately.

However, there are cases when married couples may save taxes by filing separately. An example is when one spouse has significant medical expenses. Medical expenses are deductible only to the extent they exceed 7.5% of adjusted gross income (AGI). If a medical expense deduction is claimed on a spouse’s separate return, that spouse’s lower separate AGI, as compared to the higher joint AGI, can result in a larger total deduction.

Couples who got married in 2025

If you got married anytime in 2025, for federal tax purposes you’re considered to have been married for all of 2025 and must file either jointly or separately. And married filing separately status isn’t the same as single filing status. So you can’t assume that filing separately for 2025 will produce similar tax results to what you and your spouse each experienced for 2024 filing as singles, even if nothing has changed besides your marital status — especially if you have high incomes.

The income ranges for the lower and middle tax brackets and the standard deductions are the same for single and separate filers. But the top tax rate of 37% kicks in at a much lower income level for separate filers than for single filers. So do the 20% top long-term capital gains rate, the 3.8% net investment income tax and the 0.9% additional Medicare tax. Alternative minimum tax (AMT) risk can also be much higher for separate filers than for singles.

Liability considerations

If you and your spouse file a joint return, each of you is “jointly and severally” liable for the tax on your combined income. And you’re both equally liable for any additional tax the IRS assesses, plus interest and most penalties. That means the IRS can come after either of you to collect the full amount.

Although there are “innocent spouse” provisions in the law that may offer relief, they have limitations. Therefore, even if a joint return results in less tax, some people may still choose to file separately if they want to be responsible only for their own tax. This might occur when a couple is separated.

Many factors

These are only some of the factors to consider when deciding whether to file jointly or separately. Contact a Smolin Representative to discuss the many factors that may affect your particular situation.

Smolin Relocates Spring Lake Heights Office to Expanded Red Bank Location

Smolin Relocates Spring Lake Heights Office to Expanded Red Bank Location 266 266 Noelle Merwin
Smolin, Lupin & Co., LLC announces the relocation of its Spring Lake Heights office to its newly expanded Red Bank location. This strategic move supports the firm’s continued growth and strengthens its ability to serve clients.

Effective February 1, the Spring Lake Heights team joined the Red Bank office, now located on the third floor at:
331 Newman Springs Road
Suite 130
Red Bank, NJ 07701

This relocation strengthens collaboration, expands resources, and ensures the firm continues to deliver the responsive, high quality service clients rely on. The new, modernized space offers increased capacity and improved efficiencies, enabling Smolin to better support our client needs across the region.

“As our firm grows, it is essential that our teams are positioned to collaborate effectively and have access to the tools and environment necessary to support our clients,” said Paul Fried, CPA, CEO. “This move reflects our long-term commitment to delivering exceptional service and enhancing the client experience.”

Smolin is excited to welcome clients to the new office. Clients with questions regarding the move are encouraged to contact their Smolin advisor directly.

 

New Trump Accounts – What You Need to Know

New Trump Accounts – What You Need to Know 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Included in the One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB) signed into law July 4, 2025 was the creation of a tax-advantaged savings account for children called “Trump accounts”. A Trump account is treated like an IRA with the following stipulations:

  • Must be created for the exclusive benefit of an individual who has not reached age 18 by the end of the year.
  • Must be designated as a Trump account at the time it is established.
  • No contributions will be accepted before July 4, 2026.
  • No distribution will be allowed before the year in which the beneficiary reaches age 18.
  • Contributions are limited to $5,000 per year, adjusted annually for inflation after 2027.
  • Employers can contribute up to $2,500 annually (adjusted annually for inflation after 2027) to a Trump account of an employee or an employee’s dependents that will be excludible from the employee’s gross income.
  • A one-time payment of $1,000 will be made by the Treasury to a Trump account for a child born during the period January 1, 2025 – December 31, 2028 if an election is made on the parents Form 1040 for the year of birth. This is referred to as a “Pilot Program Contribution”.
  • To open a Trump account for an eligible dependent child, new Form 4547 can be e-filed with Form 1040. Form 4547 can also be paper filed if so desired.

The IRS has announced that once the Treasury Department verifies that a Trump account was opened, the $1,000 of “seed money” for children born in 2025 will hit the accounts sometime after July 4, 2026. Michael and Susan Dell announced in December that they will personally be donating $6.25 billion to fund Trump accounts – $250 for 25 million children under age 11 in lower-income areas with median family income of $150,000 or less. Various large companies including Bank of America, Charles Schwab, Comcast, IBM, JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo have announced they will match the $1,000 contribution for the children of their employees.

Additional information can be found at www.trumpaccounts.gov.

in NJ & FL | Smolin Lupin & Co.