Financial statements

How the Social Security wage base will affect your payroll taxes in 2026
How the Social Security wage base will affect your payroll taxes in 2026 266 266 Lindsay Yeager

The 2026 Social Security wage base has been released. What’s the tax impact on employees and the self-employed? Let’s take a look.

FICA tax 101

The Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) imposes two payroll taxes on wages and self-employment income — one for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance, commonly known as the Social Security tax, and the other for Hospital Insurance, commonly known as the Medicare tax.

The FICA tax rate is 15.3%, which includes 12.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for Medicare. If you’re an employee, FICA tax is split evenly between your employer and you. If you’re self-employed, you pay the full 15.3% — but the “employer” half is deductible.

Above the Threshold? No Social Security Tax Owed

All wages and self-employment income are generally subject to Medicare tax. But the Social Security tax applies to such income only up to the Social Security wage base. The Social Security Administration has announced that the wage base will be $184,500 for 2026 (up from $176,100 for 2025). Wages and self-employment income above this threshold aren’t subject to Social Security tax.

No Employer Share, But Withholding Still Required

Another payroll tax that higher-income taxpayers must be aware of is the additional 0.9% Medicare tax. It applies to FICA wages and self-employment income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 for joint filers and $125,000 for separate filers). There’s no employer portion for this tax, but employers are required to withhold it once they pay an employee wages for the year exceeding $200,000 — regardless of the employee’s filing status. (You can claim a credit on your income tax return for withholding in excess of your actual additional Medicare tax liability.)

What will you owe in 2026?

For 2026, if you’re an employee, you’ll owe:

  • 6.2% Social Security tax on the first $184,500 of wages, for a maximum tax of $11,439 (6.2% × $184,500), plus
  • 1.45% Medicare tax on wages up to the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold, plus
  • 2.35% Medicare tax (1.45% regular Medicare tax plus 0.9% additional Medicare tax) on all wages in excess of the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold.

Self-Employed in 2026? Know Your Payroll Tax Obligations

For 2026, if you’re self-employed, you’ll owe:

  • 12.4% Social Security tax on the first $184,500 of self-employment income (half of which will be deductible), for a maximum tax of $22,878 (12.4% × $184,500), plus
  • 2.9% Medicare tax on self-employment income up to the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold (half of which will be deductible), plus
  • 3.8% Medicare tax (2.9% regular Medicare tax plus 0.9% additional Medicare tax) on all self-employment income in excess of the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold. (Half of the 2.9% portion will be deductible; none of the 0.9% portion will be deductible.)

The payroll tax deduction for the self-employed can be especially beneficial because it reduces adjusted gross income (AGI) and modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). AGI and MAGI can trigger certain additional taxes and the phaseouts of many tax breaks.

Have questions?

Payroll taxes get more complicated in some situations. For example, what if you have two jobs? Payroll taxes will be withheld by both employers. Can you ask your employers to stop withholding Social Security tax once, on a combined basis, you’ve reached the wage base threshold? No, each employer must continue to withhold Social Security tax until your wages with that employer exceed the wage base. Fortunately, when you file your income tax return, you’ll get a credit for any excess withheld.

If you have more questions about payroll taxes, such as what happens if you have wages from a job and self-employment income, please contact a Smolin Representative. We can help you ensure you’re complying with tax law while not overpaying.

Does your family know how to access your estate planning documents?
Does your family know how to access your estate planning documents? 266 266 Lindsay Yeager

Making sure your family will be able to locate your estate planning documents when needed is one of the most important parts of the estate planning process. Your carefully prepared will, trust or power of attorney will be useless if no one knows where to find it.

When loved ones are grieving or faced with urgent financial and medical decisions, not being able to locate key documents can create unnecessary stress, confusion and even legal complications. Here are some tips on how and where to store your estate planning documents.

Your Signed, Original Will

There’s a common misconception that a photocopy of your signed last will and testament is sufficient. In fact, when it comes time to implement your plan, your family and representatives will need your signed original will. Typically, upon a person’s death, the original document must be filed with the county clerk and, if probate is required, with the probate court as well.

What happens if your original will isn’t found? It doesn’t necessarily mean that it won’t be given effect, but it can be a major — and costly — obstacle.

The High Stakes of a Missing Will

In many states, if your original can’t be produced, there’s a presumption that you destroyed it with the intent to revoke it. Your family may be able to obtain a court order admitting a signed photocopy, especially if all interested parties agree that it reflects your wishes. But this can be a costly, time-consuming process. And if the copy isn’t accepted, the probate court will administer your estate as if you died without a will.

To avoid these issues, store your original will in a safe place and tell your family how to access it.

Storage options include:

  • Leaving your original will with your accountant or attorney, or
  • Storing your original will at home (or at the home of a family member) in a waterproof, fire-resistant safe, lockbox or file cabinet.

Accessing Your Will: The Hidden Risks of Safe Deposit Boxes

What about safe deposit boxes? Although this can be an option, you should check state law and bank policy to be sure that your family will be able to gain access without a court order. In many states, it can be difficult for loved ones to open your safe deposit box, even with a valid power of attorney. It may be preferable, therefore, to keep your original will at home or with a trusted advisor or family member.

If you do opt for a safe deposit box, it may be a good idea to open one jointly with your spouse or another family member. That way, the joint owner can immediately access the box in the event of your death or incapacity.

Other documents

Original trust documents should be kept in the same place as your original will. It’s also a good idea to make several copies. Unlike a will, it’s possible to use a photocopy of a trust. Plus, it’s useful to provide a copy to the person who’ll become trustee and to keep a copy to consult periodically to ensure that the trust continues to meet your needs.

For powers of attorney, living wills or health care directives, originals should be stored safely. But it’s also critical for these documents to be readily accessible in the event you become incapacitated.

Duplicate Originals: A Simple Step Toward Peace of Mind

Consider giving copies or duplicate originals to the people authorized to make decisions on your behalf. Also consider providing copies or duplicate originals of health care documents to your physicians to keep with your medical records.

Clear communication is key

Clearly communicating the location of your estate planning documents can help ensure your wishes are carried out promptly and accurately. Let your family, executor or trustee know where originals are stored and how to access them. Contact a Smolin Representative for help ensuring your estate plan will achieve your goals.

  • Noelle Merwin
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Don’t forget to include a residuary clause in your will
Don’t forget to include a residuary clause in your will 266 266 Noelle Merwin

When creating a will, most people focus on the big-ticket items — including who gets the house, the car and specific family heirlooms. But one element that’s often overlooked is the residuary clause. This clause determines what happens to the remainder of your estate — the assets not specifically mentioned in your will. Without one, even a carefully planned estate can end up in legal limbo, causing unnecessary stress, expense and conflict for your loved ones.

Defining a residuary clause

A residuary clause is the part of your will that distributes the “residue” of your estate. This residue includes any assets left after specific bequests, debts, taxes and administrative costs have been paid. It might include forgotten bank accounts, newly acquired property or investments you didn’t specifically name in your will.

For example, if your will leaves your car to your son and your jewelry to your daughter but doesn’t mention your savings account, the funds in that account would fall into your estate’s residue. The residuary clause ensures those funds are distributed according to your wishes — often to a named individual, group of heirs or charitable organization.

Omitting a residuary clause

Failing to include a residuary clause can create serious problems. When assets aren’t covered by specific instructions in a will, they’re considered “intestate property.” This means those assets will be distributed according to state intestacy laws rather than your personal wishes. In some cases, this could result in distant relatives inheriting part of your estate or assets going to individuals you never intended to benefit.

Without a residuary clause, your executor or family members may also need to seek court intervention to determine how to handle the leftover property. This adds time, legal costs and emotional strain to an already difficult process.

Moreover, the absence of a residuary clause can lead to family disputes. When the law, rather than your will, determines who gets what, heirs may disagree over how to interpret your intentions. A simple clause could prevent these misunderstandings and preserve family harmony.

Adding flexibility to your plan

A key advantage of a residuary clause is added flexibility. Life circumstances change — new assets are acquired, accounts are opened or closed, and property values fluctuate.

If your will doesn’t specifically list every asset (and most don’t), a residuary clause acts as a safety net to ensure nothing is left out. It can even account for unexpected windfalls or proceeds from insurance or lawsuits that arise after your passing.

Providing extra peace of mind

Including a residuary clause in your will is one of the simplest ways to make sure your entire estate is handled according to your wishes. It helps avoid gaps in your estate plan, minimizes legal complications and ensures your executor can distribute your assets smoothly. Contact Smolin Representative for additional details. Ask your estate planning attorney to add a residuary clause to your will.

  • Noelle Merwin
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What’s the right inventory accounting method for your business?
What’s the right inventory accounting method for your business? 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Inventory is one of the most significant assets on a balance sheet for many businesses. If your business owns inventory, you have some flexibility in how it’s tracked and expensed under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The method you use to report inventory can have a dramatic impact on your bottom line, tax obligations and financial ratios. Let’s review the rules and explore your options.

The basics

Inventory varies depending on a business’s operations. Retailers may have merchandise available for sale, while manufacturers and contractors may have materials, work in progress and finished goods.
Under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 330, you must generally record inventory when it’s received or when control of the inventory transfers to your company. Then, it moves to cost of goods sold when the product ships and control of the inventory transfers to the customer.

4 key methods

While inventory is in your possession, you can apply different accounting methods that will affect its value on your company’s balance sheet. When inventory is sold, your reporting method also impacts the costs of goods sold reported on your income statement. Four common methods for reporting inventory under GAAP are:

1. First-in, first-out (FIFO). Under this method, the first items entered into inventory are the first ones presumed sold. In an inflationary environment, units purchased earlier are generally less expensive than items purchased later. As a result, applying the FIFO method will generally cause a company to report lower expenses for items sold, leaving higher-cost items on the balance sheet. In short, this method enhances pretax profits and balance sheet values, but it can have adverse tax consequences (because you report higher taxable income).

2. Last-in, first-out method (LIFO). Here, the last items entered are the first presumed sold. In an inflationary environment, units purchased later are generally more expensive than items purchased earlier. As a result, applying the LIFO method will generally cause a company to report higher expenses for items sold, leaving lower-cost items on the balance sheet. In short, this method may defer tax obligations, but its effects on pretax profits and balance sheet values may raise a red flag to lenders and investors.

Under the LIFO conformity rule, if you use this method for tax purposes, you must also use it for financial reporting. It’s also important to note that the tax benefits of using this method may diminish if the company reduces its inventory levels. When that happens, the company may start expensing older, less expensive cost layers.

3. Weighted-average cost. Some companies use this method to smooth cost fluctuations associated with LIFO and FIFO. It assigns a weighted-average cost to all units available for sale during a period, producing a more consistent per-unit cost. It’s common not only for commodities but also for manufacturers, distributors and retailers that handle large volumes of similar or interchangeable products.

4. Specific identification. When a company’s inventory is one of a kind, such as artwork, luxury automobiles or custom homes, it may be appropriate to use the specific identification method. Here, each item is reported at historic cost, and that amount is generally carried on the books until the specific item is sold. However, a write-off may be required if an item’s market value falls below its carrying value. And once inventory has been written down, GAAP prohibits reversal of the adjustment.

Under GAAP, inventory is valued at the lower of 1) cost, or 2) net realizable value or market value, depending on the method you choose.

Choosing a method for your business

Each inventory reporting method has pros and cons. Factors to consider include the type of inventory you carry, cost volatility, industry accounting conventions, and the sophistication of your bookkeeping personnel and software.
Also evaluate how each method will affect your financial ratios. Lenders and investors often monitor performance based on profitability, liquidity and asset management ratios. For instance, if you’re comparing LIFO to FIFO, the latter will boost your pretax profits and make your balance sheet appear stronger — but you’ll lose out on the tax benefits, which could strain your cash flow. The weighted-average cost method might smooth out your profitability, but it might not be appropriate for the types of products you sell. The specific identification method may provide the most accurate insight into a company’s profitability, but it’s reserved primarily for easily identifiable inventory.

Whatever inventory accounting method you select must be applied consistently and disclosed in your financial statements. A change in method is treated as a change in accounting principle under GAAP, requiring justification, disclosure and, if material, retrospective application.

We can help

Choosing the optimal inventory accounting method affects more than bookkeeping — it influences tax obligations, cash flow and stakeholders’ perception of your business. Contact your Smolin representative for help evaluating your options strategically and ensuring your methods are clearly disclosed.

  • Noelle Merwin
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Expense Strategies for 2026: Reduce Taxes and Optimize Deductions
Expense Strategies for 2026: Reduce Taxes and Optimize Deductions 266 266 Noelle Merwin

Now is a good time to review your business’s expenses for deductibility. Accelerating deductible expenses into this year generally will reduce 2025 taxes and might even provide permanent tax savings. Also consider the impact of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). It makes permanent or revises some Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) provisions that reduced or eliminated certain deductions.

“Ordinary and necessary” business expenses

There’s no master list of deductible business expenses in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Although some deductions are expressly authorized or excluded, most are governed by the general rule of IRC Section 162, which permits businesses to deduct their “ordinary and necessary” expenses.

An ordinary expense is one that is common and accepted in your industry. A necessary expense is one that is helpful and appropriate for your business. (It doesn’t have to be indispensable.) Even if an expense is ordinary and necessary, it may not be deductible if the IRS considers it lavish or extravagant.

OBBBA and TCJA changes

Here are some types of business expenses whose deductibility is affected by OBBBA or TCJA provisions:

Entertainment. The TCJA eliminated most deductions for entertainment expenses beginning in 2018. However, entertainment expenses for employee parties are still deductible if certain requirements are met. For example, the entire staff must be invited — not just management. The OBBBA didn’t change these rules.

Meals. Both the TCJA and the OBBBA retained the pre-2018 50% deduction for business meals. What about business meals provided in connection with nondeductible entertainment? They’re still 50% deductible, as long as they’re purchased separately from the entertainment or their cost is separately stated on invoices or receipts.

Through 2025, the TCJA also expanded the 50% deduction rule to meals provided via an on-premises cafeteria or otherwise on the employer’s premises for the convenience of the employer. (Previously, such meals were 100% deductible.) The deduction was scheduled to be eliminated after 2025. The OBBBA generally retains this deduction’s 2026 elimination, with some limited exceptions that will qualify for a 100% deduction. But meal expenses generally can be 100% deducted if the meals are sold to employees.

Transportation. Transportation expenses for business travel are still 100% deductible, provided they meet the applicable rules. But the TCJA permanently eliminated most deductions for qualified transportation fringe benefits, such as parking, vanpooling and transit passes. However, those benefits are still tax-free to recipient employees, up to applicable limits. The OBBBA doesn’t change these rules.

Before the TCJA, employees could also exclude from taxable income qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements, and this break was scheduled to return in 2026. However, the OBBBA permanently eliminates it.

Employee business expenses

The TCJA suspended through 2025 employee deductions for unreimbursed employee business expenses — previously treated as miscellaneous itemized deductions. The OBBBA has permanently eliminated this deduction.

Businesses that don’t already have an employee reimbursement plan for these expenses may want to consider implementing one for 2026. As long as the plan meets IRS requirements, reimbursements are deductible by the business and tax-free to employees.

Planning for 2025 and 2026

Understanding exactly what’s deductible and what’s not isn’t easy. We can review your current expenses and help determine whether accelerating expenses into 2025 makes sense for your business. Contact your Smolin representative to discuss year-end tax planning and to start strategizing for 2026.

  • Noelle Merwin
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SALT Relief Ahead: How the 2025 Cap Increase Could Cut Your Taxes
SALT Relief Ahead: How the 2025 Cap Increase Could Cut Your Taxes 266 266 Noelle Merwin

If you pay more than $10,000 in state and local taxes (SALT), a provision of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) could significantly reduce your 2025 federal income tax liability. However, you need to be aware of income-based limits, and you may need to take steps before year end to maximize your deduction.

Higher deduction limit

Deductible SALT expenses include property taxes (for homes, vehicles and boats) and either income tax or sales tax, but not both. Historically, eligible SALT expenses were generally 100% deductible on federal income tax returns if an individual itemized deductions. This provided substantial tax savings to many taxpayers in locations with higher income or property tax rates (or higher home values), as well as those who owned both a primary residence and one or more vacation homes.

Beginning in 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) limited the deduction to $10,000 ($5,000 for married couples filing separately). This SALT cap was scheduled to expire after 2025.

Rather than letting the $10,000 cap expire or immediately making it permanent, the OBBBA temporarily quadruples the limit. Beginning in 2025, taxpayers can deduct up to $40,000 ($20,000 for married couples filing separately), with 1% increases each subsequent year. Then in 2030, the OBBBA reinstates the $10,000 cap.

The increased SALT cap could lead to major tax savings compared with the $10,000 cap. For example, a single taxpayer in the 35% tax bracket with $40,000 in SALT expenses could save an additional $10,500 in taxes [35% × ($40,000 − $10,000)].

Income-based reduction

While the higher limit is in place, it’s reduced for taxpayers with incomes above a certain level. The allowable deduction drops by 30% of the amount by which modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeds a threshold amount. For 2025, the threshold is $500,000; when MAGI reaches $600,000, the previous $10,000 cap applies. (These amounts are halved for separate filers.) The MAGI threshold will also increase 1% each year through 2029.

Here’s how the earlier example would be different if the taxpayer’s MAGI exceeded the threshold: Let’s say MAGI is $550,000, which is $50,000 over the 2025 threshold. The cap would be reduced by $15,000 (30% × $50,000), leaving a maximum SALT deduction of $25,000 ($40,000 − $15,000). Even reduced, that’s more than twice what would be permitted under the $10,000 cap. The reduced deduction would still save an additional $5,250 in taxes [35% × ($25,000 − $10,000) compared to when the $10,000 cap applied.

Itemizing vs. the standard deduction

The SALT deduction is available only to taxpayers who itemize their deductions. The TCJA nearly doubled the standard deduction. As a result of that change and the $10,000 SALT cap, the number of taxpayers who itemize dropped substantially. And, under the OBBBA, the standard deduction is even higher — for 2025, it’s $15,750 for single and separate filers, $23,625 for head of household filers, and $31,500 for married couples filing jointly.

But the higher SALT cap might make it worthwhile for some taxpayers who’ve been claiming the standard deduction post-TCJA to start itemizing again. Consider, for example, a taxpayer who pays high state income tax. If that amount combined with other itemized deductions (generally, certain medical and dental expenses, home mortgage interest, qualified casualty losses, and charitable contributions) exceeds the applicable standard deduction, the taxpayer will save more tax by itemizing.

Year-end strategies

Here are two strategies that might help you maximize your 2025 SALT deduction:

  1. Reduce your MAGI. If it’s nearing the threshold that would reduce your deduction or already over it, you can take steps to stay out of the danger zone. For example, you can make or increase pretax retirement plan and Health Savings Account contributions. Likewise, you can avoid moves that increase your MAGI, like Roth IRA conversions, nonrequired traditional retirement plan distributions and asset sales that result in large capital gains.
  2. Accelerate property tax deductions. If your SALT expenses are less than $40,000 and your MAGI is below the reduction threshold for 2025, for example, you might prepay your 2026 property tax bill this year. (This assumes the amount has been assessed — you can’t deduct a prepayment based only on your estimate.)

Plan carefully

In your SALT planning, also be aware that SALT expenses aren’t deductible for purposes of the alternative minimum tax (AMT). A large SALT deduction could have the unintended effect of triggering the AMT, particularly after 2025.

Under the right circumstances, the increase to the SALT deduction cap can be a valuable tax saver. But careful planning is essential. Contact your Smolin representative for assistance with maximizing your SALT deduction and other year-end tax planning strategies.

  • Noelle Merwin
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The Financial Triple Play: 3 Reports Every Business Leader Should Watch
The Financial Triple Play: 3 Reports Every Business Leader Should Watch 1200 1200 Noelle Merwin

In baseball, the triple play is a high-impact defensive feat that knocks the competition out of the inning. In business, you have your own version — three key financial statements that can give you a competitive edge by monitoring profitability, liquidity and solvency.

First base: The income statement

The income statement (also known as the profit and loss statement) shows revenue, expenses and earnings over a given period. It’s like an inning-by-inning scoreboard of your operations. While many people focus on the bottom line (profits or losses), it pays to dig into the details.

A common term used when discussing income statements is “gross profit,” or the income earned after subtracting the cost of goods sold from revenue. Cost of goods sold includes the cost of labor, materials and overhead required to produce or acquire a product. Another important term is “net income.” This is the income remaining after all expenses (including taxes) have been paid.

Also, investigate income statement trends. Is revenue growing or declining? Are variable expenses (such as materials costs, direct labor and shipping costs) changing in proportion to revenue? Are you overwhelmed by fixed selling, general and administrative expenses (such as rent and marketing costs)? Are some products or service offerings more profitable than others? Evaluating these questions can help you brainstorm ways to boost profitability going forward.

Second base: The balance sheet

The balance sheet (also known as the statement of financial position) provides a snapshot of the company’s financial health. This report tallies assets, liabilities and equity at a specific point in time. It provides insight into liquidity (whether your company has enough short-term assets to cover short-term obligations) and solvency (whether your company has sufficient resources to succeed over the long term).

Under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), assets are usually reported at the lower of cost or market value. Current assets (such as accounts receivable and inventory) are reasonably expected to be converted to cash within a year, while long-term assets (such as plant and equipment) have longer lives. Similarly, current liabilities (such as accounts payable) come due within a year, while long-term liabilities are payment obligations that extend beyond the current year or operating cycle.

Intangible assets (such as patents, customer lists and goodwill) can provide significant value to a business. But internally developed intangibles aren’t reported on the balance sheet; instead, their costs are expensed as incurred. Intangible assets are only reported when they’ve been acquired externally.

Owners’ equity (or net worth) is the extent to which the book value of assets exceeds liabilities. If liabilities exceed assets, net worth will be negative. However, book value may not necessarily reflect market value. Some companies may provide the details of owners’ equity in a separate statement called the statement of retained earnings. It details sales or repurchases of stock, dividend payments and changes caused by reported profits or losses.

Third base: The statement of cash flows

The cash flow statement shows all the cash flowing in and out of your company. For example, your company may have cash inflows from selling products or services, borrowing money, and selling stock. Outflows may result from paying expenses, investing in capital equipment and repaying debt.

Typically, cash flows are organized on this report under three categories: operating, investing and financing activities. The bottom of the statement shows the net change in cash during the period. Watch your statement of cash flows closely to gauge your business’s liquidity. To remain in business, companies must continually generate cash to pay creditors, vendors and employees — and they must remain nimble to respond to unexpected changes in the marketplace.

What’s your game plan?

Financial reporting is more than an exercise in compliance with accounting rules. Financial statements can be a valuable management tool. However, many business owners focus solely on the income statement without monitoring the other bases. That makes operational errors more likely.

Play smart by keeping your eye on all three financial statements. We can help — not only by keeping score — but also by analyzing your company’s results and devising strategic plays to put you ahead of the competition. To learn more contact your Smolin representative.

 

Ensuring Transparency When Using Non-GAAP Metrics to Prepare Financial Statements

Ensuring Transparency When Using non-GAAP Metrics to Prepare Financial Statements
Ensuring Transparency When Using non-GAAP Metrics to Prepare Financial Statements 850 500 smolinlupinco

Mind the GAAP!

Staff from the Securities and Exchange (SEC) commission expressed concerns at last November’s Financial Executives International’s Corporate Financial Reporting Insights Conference about the use of financial metrics that don’t conform to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

According to Lindsay McCord, chief accountant of the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance, many companies struggle to comply with the SEC’s guidelines on non-GAAP reporting. 

Increasing concerns 

The GAAP guidelines provide accountants with a foundation to record and summarize business transactions with honest, accurate, fair, and consistent financial reporting. Generally, private companies don’t have to follow GAAP, though many do. By contrast, public companies are required to follow GAAP by the SEC.

The use of non-GAAP measures has increased over time. When used to supplement GAAP performance measures, these unaudited figures do offer insight. However, they may also be used to artificially inflate a public company’s stock price and mislead investors. In particular, including unaudited performance figures—like earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)—positions companies to cast themselves in a more favorable light. 

Non-GAAP metrics may appear in the management, discussion, and analysis section of their financial statements, earnings releases, and investor presentations.

Typically, a company’s EBITDA is greater than its GAAP earnings since EBITDA is commonly adjusted for such items as: 

  • Stock-based compensation
  • Nonrecurring items
  • Intangibles
  • Other company-specific items

Non-GAAP metrics or adjustments can also be selectively presented to give the impression of a stronger financial picture than that of audited financial statements. Companies may also fail to clearly label and describe non-GAAP measures or erroneously present non-GAAP metrics more prominently than GAAP numbers. 

10 questions to ask

To help ensure transparent non-GAAP metric disclosures, the Center for Audit Quality (CAQ) recommends that companies ask these questions: 

1. Would a reasonable investor be misled by the non-GAAP measure presented? What is its purpose? 

2. Is the most comparable GAAP measure more prominent than the non-GAAP measure? 

3. Are the non-GAAP measures presented as necessary and appropriate? Will they help investors understand performance? 

4. Why has management chosen to incorporate a specific non-GAAP measure alongside well-established GAAP measures?

5. Is the company’s disclosure substantially detailed on the purpose and usefulness of non-GAAP measures for investors? 

6. Does the disclosure adequately describe how the non-GAAP measure is calculated and reconcile items between the GAAP and non-GAAP measures?

7. How does management use the measure, and has that use been disclosed?

8. Is the non-GAAP measure clearly labeled as non-GAAP and sufficiently defined? Is there a possibility that it could be confused with a GAAP measure?

9. What are the tax implications of the non-GAAP measure? Does the calculation align with the tax consequences and the nature of the measure?

10. Do the company’s material agreements require compliance with a non-GAAP measure? If so, have those material agreements been disclosed?

The CAQ provides additional questions that address the consistency and comparability of non-GAAP metrics.

Questions? Smolin can help

Non-GAAP metrics do have positive potential. For example, when used appropriately, they can provide greater insight into the information that management considers important in running the business. To avoid misleading investors and lenders, though, care must be taken. 

To discuss your company’s non-GAAP metrics and disclosures in more detail, contact your accountant.

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